Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 20 de 85
Filter
1.
Int. j. morphol ; 38(6): 1803-1809, Dec. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1134514

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN: La percepción del dolor resulta de múltiples y dinámicos mecanismos en el sistema nervioso central (SNC) y periférico que inhiben o facilitan el estímulo y respuesta nociceptiva. Sin embargo, la principal capacidad de modulación esta a cargo del SNC. Los estímulos nociceptivos son detectados por terminaciones nerviosas libres de neuronas periféricas que sinaptan con neuronas aferentes secundarias de la médula espinal. Luego estas fibras decusan para formar las vías nociceptivas ascendentes. Una vez alcanzadas las estructuras subcorticales, se activan las neuronas del tálamo, quienes envían el estímulo hacia la corteza somatosensorial, desencadenando la percepción consciente del dolor y activando el sistema inhibitorio descendente. Para que la modulación nociceptiva se realice, es necesaria la participación de diversas sustancias o neurotransmisores que conectan áreas del SNC especializadas. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión de la literatura respecto de los mecanismos que participan en los procesos de modulación central del dolor.


SUMMARY: Pain perception results from multiple and dynamic mechanisms in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system that inhibit or facilitate stimulation and nociceptive response. However, neuromodulation is mainly a function of the CNS. Nociceptive stimulus is detected by peripheral neurons receptors that synapse with the secondary afferent neurons of the spinal cord. These fibers cross to conform the ascending nociceptive pathways. Once the subcortical structures are reached, the thalamus`s neurons are activated; the thalamus send the stimulus to the somatosensory cortex, triggering the conscious perception of pain and activating the descending inhibitory system. For the nociceptive modulation to be carried out, the participation of various substances or neurotransmitters that connect specialized CNS areas is necessary. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the literature regarding the mechanisms involved in central pain modulation processes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pain/physiopathology , Central Nervous System/physiology , Pain Perception/physiology , Chronic Pain/physiopathology , Nociceptive Pain/physiopathology , Neural Inhibition , Neuroanatomy , Neurophysiology
2.
Clinics ; 73: e407, 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-974913

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To verify the neuromaturational influence in the ability of auditory closure, that is, to verify the performance of children and young adults in the ability of auditory closure, through the time compressed speech test (TCS). METHODS: Thirty children (8 to 10 years old) and 30 young adults (16 to 24 years old) with normal hearing without complaints (neurological, cognitive, auditory processing) who performed TFC (monosyllables and disyllables) with a compression ratio of 60% in both ears. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and ANOVA with repeated measures with a significance level of 0.05. The minimum statistical power was 80%. RESULTS: In the comparison between ears, there was no significant difference between groups for the monosyllables. For disyllables, the second ear tested was better in children, and the right ear was better than the left ear for young adults. In the comparison between modalities (monosyllables and disyllables), children did not show significant differences. The performance of the young adults was better in the disyllables in both ears. Comparing the age groups, the young adults were better than the children for both modalities and ears. CONCLUSION: The study has demonstrated the influence and impact of age (maturational factor) on TCS test performance, showing the importance of establishing normality patterns for various age groups to provide a standardized tool for evaluation of auditory closure ability.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Young Adult , Auditory Pathways/physiology , Auditory Perception/physiology , Speech Discrimination Tests , Central Nervous System/physiology , Reference Values , Time Factors , Analysis of Variance , Age Factors , Ear/physiology , Physical Functional Performance , Functional Laterality/physiology
3.
Rev. chil. neuropsicol. (En línea) ; 12(2): 32-37, dic. 2017.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1097084

ABSTRACT

Este artículo se ha propuesto como una revisión de las investigaciones que han surgido en la última década en el campo de la neurociencia, y que se hayan relacionadas con la actividad neurobiológica y funcional de la toma de decisiones por parte del ser humano. Así, ha sido posible identificar y dar cuenta de las estructuras del sistema nervioso central que son claves en la comprensión de los procesos relacionados con la toma de decisiones, y a su vez han permitido establecer el rol de las emociones como influencia determinante en este proceso. De igual forma, las investigaciones han posibilitado conocer cómo se lleva a cabo la actividad de tomar decisiones en el cerebro, las relaciones entre las diversas regiones y cómo las emociones guían el resultado.Además, se ha llegado a destacar dos sistemas que explicarían el proceso de la toma de decisiones, uno asociado a la intuición (sistema práctico), donde se destaca la actividad metabólica de la amígdala cerebral y sus redes neuronales; otro que corresponde al razonamiento (sistema analítico), en el cual resalta la participación de las conexiones neuronales de la porción ventromedial del córtex prefrontal.


This paper has proposedas a review of the researchthat has been appearing in the last decade in the field of neuroscience, and the relationship with the neurobiological and functional activity of the human decision making. Therefore, it has been possible to identify and inform the key structures of the central nervous system in the comprehension of the related processes, and it has allowed to stablish the important influence of the emotion in this process. Also, the research hasallowed to know how the decision-making process has been referred in the brain, the relationship between the different brain regions and the emotion who led the outcome. Thus, there are two systems involved in the decision makingprocess; one related with the intuition (practical system), where the metabolic activity of the cerebral amygdala is remarked with their neural networks, and other related with reasoning (analytical system), in which, is important to note the involvement of the ventromedial portion of the prefrontal cortex.


Este artigo foi proposto como uma revisão das pesquisas que surgiram na última década no campo da neurociência, e que tem sido relacionada à atividade neurobiológica e funcional da tomada de decisão pelo ser humano. Assim, foi possível identificar e explicar as estruturas do sistema nervoso central que são fundamentais na compreensão dos processos relacionados à tomada de decisões e, por sua vez, permitiram estabelecer o papel das emoções como influência determinante nesse processo. Da mesma forma, a pesquisa permitiu saber como é a atividade de tomada de decisão no cérebro, as relações entre diferentes regiões e como as emoções orientam o resultado. Ademais, foram destacados dois sistemas que explicam o processo de tomada de decisão, um associado à intuição (sistema prático), que enfatiza a atividade metabólica da amígdala cerebral e suas redes neurais; outro correspondente ao raciocínio (sistema analítico), no qual as conexões neuronais da porção ventromedial do córtex pré-frontal são destacadas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Central Nervous System/physiology , Decision Making/physiology , Emotions/physiology , Prefrontal Cortex/physiology , Intuition/physiology
4.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 36(supl.1): 71-78, June 2016. graf, ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: lil-798014

ABSTRACT

Potentially neurogenic areas were initially identified by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in cells underlying the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles wall, hippocampus and olfactory bulbs of newborn guinea pigs. Neural precursors from the SVZ were cultured in suspension, generating neurospheres (NSFs), which, upon dissociation were able to generate new NSFs. Upon culture in the absence of growth factors, cells dissociated from NSFs displayed evidence for neural differentiation, giving rise to cells from neural lineage. Flow cytometry analysis for of NSFs-derived cells after differentiation revealed approximately 13.3% nestin positive, 5.5% Beta-III-tubulin positive, 9% GFAP positive and 7.8% mGalC positive. Functional assays by measurement of calcium influx upon gamma butiric amino acid (GABA) and glutamate stimuli, revealed stimulation in differentiated cells, an indicator of neuronal differentiation. The ability of guinea pig SVZ cells to originate functional neurons in vitro is promising for research and towards a future use of neural stem cells in the therapy of neurological disorders.(AU)


Áreas potencialmente neurogênicas foram identificadas por incorporação de bromodeoxiuridina (BrdU) na zona subventricular (SVZ) dos ventrículos laterais, hipocampo e bulbos olfatórios de cobaias neonatos. Precursores neurais provenientes da SVZ foram cultivados em suspensão, resultando na geração de neuroesferas (NSFs), que quando dissociadas foram capazes de proliferar e gerar novas NSFs. Quando cultivadas na ausência de fatores de crescimento, as células provenientes de NSFs dissociadas apresentaram evidências de diferenciação neuronal, dando origem a células da linhagem neural. Citometria de fluxo em células das NSFs após a diferenciação revelou aproximadamente 13,3% positivas para nestina, 5,5% positivas para Beta-III-tubulina, 9% positivas para GFAP e 7,8% positivas para mGalC. Testes de funcionalidade pela mensuração de influxo de cálcio após estímulo com ácido gama amino butírico (GABA) e glutamato revelaram a estimulação de células diferenciadas, um indicador de função neuronal. A capacidade de células da SVZ de fetos de cobaias originarem células neurais funcionais in vitro é promissora para a pesquisa e eventual uso terapêutico de células tronco em disordens do sistema nervoso.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Central Nervous System/physiology , Guinea Pigs/physiology , Neural Stem Cells/physiology , Animals, Newborn , Cell Culture Techniques/veterinary , Flow Cytometry/veterinary
5.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2015. xii,78 p. ilus, tab, graf.
Thesis in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-781848

ABSTRACT

O papel da lipoxina A4 (LXA4) no sistema imunológico é bem estudado, mas o papeldessa molécula na fisiologia do sistema nervoso central (SNC) só foi abordado recentemente.Como um modulador alostérico positivo, a LXA4 produz efeitos canabimiméticos e pode, dessaforma, estar envolvida em vßrios aspectos de funções fisiológicas reguladas pelo sistemaendocanabinóide (eCB). Nós investigamos essa hipótese analisando o comportamento decamundongos knockout (5-LO-/-) para a enzima 5-lipoxigenase (5-LO), que participa da síntesede LXA4. Ansiedade, consumo de ßgua e alimento, locomoção, nocicepção e memórias aversivassão comportamentos reconhecidos como sob controle do sistema eCB e foram avaliados nesteestudo. Nenhuma alteração foi observada no comportamento de 5-LO-/-em relação ao consumode ßgua e alimento e locomoção no teste de campo aberto. No entanto, o tratamento com LXA4produziu efeito ansiolítico no labirinto em cruz elevada. Além disso, inibição farmacológica da 5-LO demonstrou um efeito ansiogênico em animais idosos, mas não em adultos jovens, indicandoque a LXA4 endógena exerce um efeito regulatório sobre ansiedade de forma idade-dependente.Os animais 5-LO-/-apresentaram um aumento na sensibilidade e redução na tolerância à dor noteste de sensibilidade ao choque. Ainda, uma disfunção em memória de curto prazo e extinção dememória no teste de esquiva inibitória foi observada nos animais 5-LO-/-, indicando que a LXA4pode agir na facilitação do aprendizado...


The role of lipoxin A4 (LXA4) in the immune system is well studied, however the part thismolecule plays in central nervous system (CNS) physiology has only recently been addressed.LXA4, as a CB1 allosteric enhancer, has a cannabimimetic effect and may therefore be involvedin various aspects of endocannabinoid system (eCB) physiological functions. We investigatedthis reasoning by analyzing the behavior of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) knockout mice (5-LO-/-).Anxiety-like behavior, appetitive behavior, locomotion, nociception and learning and memory areall known to be under control of the eCB system and were assessed in this study. No alterationwas observed in the behavior of 5-LO knockout mice regarding appetitive behavior, measured byfood and water intake, or locomotion in the open field test. However, treatment with LXA4produced an anxiolytic-like effect on the elevated plus maze. Further, pharmacological inhibitionof 5-LO showed an anxiogenic-like effect in aged, but not adult mice, indicating that endogenousLXA4 has an age-dependent effect on the modulation of anxiety-like behavior. 5-LO-/- micepresented an increase in pain sensitivity and a decrease in pain tolerance in the foot shocksensitivity test. Interestingly, the animals also presented impairment in short-term memory andextinction learning in the step-down inhibitory avoidance task, pointing out that LXA4 may act inthe facilitation of fear learning. These data are of great importance to the possible use of LXA4 astreatment to neuroinflammation induced cognitive impairment.The study of sepsis reveals that an inflammatory stimulus can induce the exacerbatedproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the CNS, which causes neuroinflammation andcognitive impairment...


Subject(s)
Mice , Anxiety , Endocannabinoids , Lipoxins , Memory , Neurogenic Inflammation , Central Nervous System/physiology , Blotting, Western , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Sepsis
6.
Psicofarmacologia (B. Aires) ; 14(84): 7-10, feb. 2014. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-767507

ABSTRACT

El procesamiento de información por el cerebro se basa en sistemas de redes (networks) que poseen propiedades estructurales y funcionales derivadas de su extrema complejidad. Al tratarse de sistemas complejos con propiedades dinámicos no lineares, las redes se auto organizan permanentemente para adecuarse tanto a los procesamientos rápidos, como en el caso de las funciones cognitivas o ejecutivas, como a las más lentas, derivadas de la capacidad de generar cambios plásticos para adaptarse a las situaciones cambiantes de los entornos externos e internos. El estudio de la conectividad en el SNC se ha sistematizado por teorías de gráficas, modelos simples de un sistema, basados en conjuntos de nodos y márgenes o bordes que poseen propiedades de pequeño mundo (ni azarística, ni regular) de modo tal que el conectoma se organiza en los pequeños volúmenes relativos del cerebro permietiendo una alta eficiencia a bajo costo dada la corta distancia ente nodos centrales que procesan gran cantidad de información. Las proyecciones largas entre regiones distantes del SNC si bien eficaces en las funciones integradoras son costosas en estructura y metabolismo, y por ello vulnerables tanto en el desarrollo como en patologías, como la enfermedad de Alzheimer, la esquizofreia, la epilepsia, el ADHD la esclerosis múltiple, etc. Se conceptualiza al conectoma como fenotipo intermedio o endofenotipo con características heredables modificables en las distintas etapas de la vida, desde el desarrollo pre y perinatal hasta el envejecimiento.


The processing of information by the brain is based on systems of networks that have both structural and functional properties, given their extreme complexity. Because they consist in complex systems with nonlinear dynamic properties, the networks organize themselves permanently to adjust either to quick processings, as is the case with cognitive or executive functions and to the slowest processings which result from the capability of generating plastic changes to adapt to the changing contexts of the external and internal environments. The study of connectivity in the CNS has been systematized by graphics theories, which consist in simple models of a system based on sets of nodes and margins or borders that have properties of a small-world network (neither at random nor regular), so that the connectome is organized in the small relative volumes of the brain, enabling a high efficiency at a low cost, given the short distance between central nodes that process a large amount of information. Although the long projections between the regions that are far from the CNS are efficacious in the integrative functions, they are costly in structure and metabolism, and therefore, vulnerable both in development as well as in pathologies such as Alzheimer's Disease, schizophrenia, epilepsy and ADHD in multiple sclerosis, etc. The author conceptualizes the connectome as an intermediate phenotype or endophenotype with modifying inheritable characteristics in the different stages of life, from the pre- and perinatal development until ageing.


Subject(s)
Humans , Genetic Fitness/physiology , Connectome , Central Nervous System Diseases/physiopathology , Phenotype , Mental Processes/physiology , Central Nervous System/physiology
7.
Estud. av ; 27(77): 61-84, jan.-abr. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-696216

ABSTRACT

Descritas há mais de 150 anos, as células gliais, constituintes do tecido nervoso juntamente com os neurônios, foram consideradas até pouco tempo células de suporte do cérebro, passivas e à margem do seu funcionamento. Especialmente na última década, as neurociências foram palco de uma mudança de paradigma relacionada à função e ao papel dessas células na fisiologia e patologia neurais. Neste artigo, discutimos como os avanços acerca do conhecimento sobre os astrócitos, o mais abundante tipo glial, contribuíram para o entendimento do funcionamento cerebral. Apresentamos evidências da relação entre disfunções gliais e doenças neurodegenerativas e desordens neurológicas, discutindo o potencial papel dessas células na elaboração de abordagens terapêuticas para o sistema nervoso adulto.


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Cell Adhesion Molecules , Neurodegenerative Diseases , Neurology , Neurosciences , Synapses , Central Nervous System/physiology , Central Nervous System/pathology
8.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; 2013. 87 p. tab, graf, ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-846928

ABSTRACT

O receptor P2X4 (canal iônico controlado por adenosina-5'-trifosfato-ATP) está amplamente distribuído no sistema nervoso central e, após sua ativação, pode regular os níveis de cálcio intracelulares via permeação direta e por ativação de canais de cálcio voltagem-dependentes. Tem sido proposto que a atividade do receptor pode ser importante na plasticidade sináptica. Tendo em vista a importância do receptor P2X4, sobretudo na fisiologia do sistema nervoso central, é útil caracterizá-lo farmacologicamente e entender os mecanismos moleculares que regulam sua atividade. Examinamos o papel que resíduos específicos N- e C-terminais desempenham na atividade do receptor P2X4 humano, combinando técnicas de biologia molecular, bioquímica e patch-clamp em células de rim de embrião humano (células HEK-293T). Células HEK-293T expressando o receptor P2X4 wild-type apresentaram correntes iônicas, cujas amplitudes dependeram da concentração de ATP, fornecendo um valor de EC50 de 1,37 ± 0,21 µM. Os receptores mutantes E14A e D16A exibiram respostas ao ATP equiparáveis àquelas do receptor selvagem, ao passo que os mutantes Y15A e T17A não foram funcionais, apesar de serem expressos na membrana plasmática das células. A inibição de tirosina fosfatases por pervanadato diminuiu fortemente correntes induzidas por ATP. Subsequente análise de citometria de fluxo na presença de um anticorpo contra resíduos de fosfotirosina indicaram que, entre as células que expressam o receptor P2X4, a percentagem de células fosfo-tirosina-positivas é a mesma para os mutantes Y372A (86 ± 10%) e Y378A (79 ± 6.9%), mas substancialmente menor para os mutantes Y15A (35 ± 12%), Y367A (48 ± 6.4%) e Y372F (31 ± 1.7%), quando comparados com células que expressam o receptor wild-type (76 ± 5.6%). Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos quando quantificamos a expressão relativa de proteínas fosforiladas em resíduos de tirosina e expressamos através dos valores de intensidade de fluorescência média. Ensaios de western-blot revelaram que mesmo o mutante T17A é fosforilado em resíduos de treonina, sugerindo que o receptor P2X4 contém outros sítios de fosforilação. Entretanto, nenhum sinal de fosfotirosina foi detectado no receptor wild-type e nos mutantes, em que resíduos de tirosina foram substituídos por alanina ou fenilalanina. Não parece ser o resíduo Y15 o alvo de tal fosforilação, cabendo a ele um papel estrutural mais importante. Nossos dados também sugerem que a fosforilação em resíduos de tirosina de proteínas intermediárias regula a atividade do receptor P2X4


The human P2X4 receptor (ATP-gated ion channel) is widely distributed in the CNS and, after activation, participates in regulation of levels of intracellular calcium through direct permeation and activation of voltage-dependent calcium channels with well-defined functions including synaptic plasticity. Given the importance of the P2X4 receptor, especially in CNS physiology, we investigated the role that specific N- and C-termini residues play in human P2X4 receptor activity, by combining techniques of molecular biology, biochemistry and patch-clamping in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293T cells). HEK-293T cells expressing the wild-type P2X4 receptor showed ionic currents whose amplitudes depended on the ATP concentration, providing an EC50 value of 1.37 ± 0.21 mM. E14A and D16A receptor mutants exhibited responses to ATP comparable to those ones of wild-type receptor, whereas Y15A and T17A mutants were not functional, despite being expressed in the plasma membrane of cells. The inhibition of tyrosine phosphatases by pervanadate decreased strongly ATP-induced currents. Subsequent flow cytometry analysis in the presence of an antibody against phosphotyrosine residues indicated that, among the cells that express the P2X4 receptor, the percentage of phosphotyrosine-positive cells was the same for Y372A (86 ± 10%) and Y378A (79 ± 6.9%) mutants, however, substantially lower for Y15A (35 ± 12%), Y367A (48 ± 6.4%) and Y372F (31 ± 1.7%) mutants when compared with cells expressing the wild-type receptor (76 ± 5.6%). Similar results were obtained by quantifying the relative expression of phosphotyrosine proteins. Western blot assays revealed that even the T17A mutant was phosphorylated at threonine residues, suggesting that the human P2X4 receptor also contains further phosphorylation sites. However, no phosphotyrosine-antibody signal was detected in the wild-type receptor and mutants in which tyrosine residues were replaced by alanine or phenylalanine. The residue Y15 is supposedly not the target of such phosphorylation, despite its important structural role. However, the present work indicates that tyrosine phosphorylation of intermediate signaling proteins regulates P2X4 receptor activity


Subject(s)
Receptors, Purinergic P2X4/genetics , Threonine/analysis , Tyrosine/analysis , Blotting, Western/instrumentation , Central Nervous System/physiology , Flow Cytometry/methods , Patch-Clamp Techniques/methods , Phosphorylation
9.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 45(3): 250-255, Mar. 2012. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-618045

ABSTRACT

Our objective was to investigate in conscious Sprague-Dawley (6-8 weeks, 250-300 g) female rats (N = 7 in each group) the effects of intracerebroventricularly (icv) injected adrenomedullin (ADM) on blood pressure and heart rate (HR), and to determine if ADM and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors, peripheral V1 receptors or the central cholinergic system play roles in these cardiovascular effects. Blood pressure and HR were observed before and for 30 min following drug injections. The following results were obtained: 1) icv ADM (750 ng/10 µL) caused an increase in both blood pressure and HR (DMAP = 11.8 ± 2.3 mmHg and ΔHR = 39.7 ± 4.8 bpm). 2) Pretreatment with a CGRP receptor antagonist (CGRP8-37) and ADM receptor antagonist (ADM22-52) blocked the effect of central ADM on blood pressure and HR. 3) The nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine (25 µg/10 µL, icv) and the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine (5 µg/10 µL, icv) prevented the stimulating effect of ADM on blood pressure. The effect of ADM on HR was blocked only by atropine (5 µg/10 µL, icv). 4) The V1 receptor antagonist [β-mercapto-β-β-cyclopentamethylenepropionyl¹, O-me-Tyr²,Arg8]-vasopressin (V2255; 10 µg/kg), that was applied intravenously, prevented the effect of ADM on blood pressure and HR. This is the first study reporting the role of specific ADM and CGRP receptors, especially the role of nicotinic and muscarinic central cholinergic receptors and the role of peripheral V1 receptors in the increasing effects of icv ADM on blood pressure and HR.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Adrenomedullin/pharmacology , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Cholinergic Neurons/physiology , Heart Rate/drug effects , Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology , Vasopressins/drug effects , Adrenomedullin/administration & dosage , Central Nervous System/drug effects , Central Nervous System/physiology , Cholinergic Neurons/drug effects , Consciousness/drug effects , Consciousness/physiology , Injections, Intraventricular , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/drug effects , Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/physiology , Vasodilator Agents/administration & dosage , Vasopressins/physiology
10.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 44(9): 883-889, Sept. 2011. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-599666

ABSTRACT

The arterial partial pressure (P CO2) of carbon dioxide is virtually constant because of the close match between the metabolic production of this gas and its excretion via breathing. Blood gas homeostasis does not rely solely on changes in lung ventilation, but also to a considerable extent on circulatory adjustments that regulate the transport of CO2 from its sites of production to the lungs. The neural mechanisms that coordinate circulatory and ventilatory changes to achieve blood gas homeostasis are the subject of this review. Emphasis will be placed on the control of sympathetic outflow by central chemoreceptors. High levels of CO2 exert an excitatory effect on sympathetic outflow that is mediated by specialized chemoreceptors such as the neurons located in the retrotrapezoid region. In addition, high CO2 causes an aversive awareness in conscious animals, activating wake-promoting pathways such as the noradrenergic neurons. These neuronal groups, which may also be directly activated by brain acidification, have projections that contribute to the CO2-induced rise in breathing and sympathetic outflow. However, since the level of activity of the retrotrapezoid nucleus is regulated by converging inputs from wake-promoting systems, behavior-specific inputs from higher centers and by chemical drive, the main focus of the present manuscript is to review the contribution of central chemoreceptors to the control of autonomic and respiratory mechanisms.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adrenergic Neurons/physiology , Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena , Chemoreceptor Cells/physiology , Respiratory Physiological Phenomena , Brain Stem/physiology , Carbon Monoxide/metabolism , Central Nervous System/physiology , Medulla Oblongata/physiology , Pons/physiology , Sympathetic Nervous System/physiology
11.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 44(9): 848-854, Sept. 2011. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-599667

ABSTRACT

The autonomic nervous system plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis under normal and pathological conditions. The sympathetic tone, particularly for the cardiovascular system, is generated by sympathetic discharges originating in specific areas of the brainstem. Aerobic exercise training promotes several cardiovascular adjustments that are influenced by the central areas involved in the output of the autonomic nervous system. In this review, we emphasize the studies that investigate aerobic exercise training protocols to identify the cardiovascular adaptations that may be the result of central nervous system plasticity due to chronic exercise. The focus of our study is on some groups of neurons involved in sympathetic regulation. They include the nucleus tractus solitarii, caudal ventrolateral medulla and the rostral ventrolateral medulla that maintain and regulate the cardiac and vascular autonomic tonus. We also discuss studies that demonstrate the involvement of supramedullary areas in exercise training modulation, with emphasis on the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, an important area of integration for autonomic and neuroendocrine responses. The results of these studies suggest that the beneficial effects of physical activity may be due, at least in part, to reductions in sympathetic nervous system activity. Conversely, with the recent association of physical inactivity with chronic disease, these data may also suggest that increases in sympathetic nervous system activity contribute to the increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases associated with a sedentary lifestyle.


Subject(s)
Humans , Autonomic Nervous System/physiology , Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena , Central Nervous System/physiology , Exercise/physiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Neurons/physiology , Sedentary Behavior
12.
Rev. chil. neuropsicol. (En línea) ; 6(1): 12-19, jul. 2011. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-609932

ABSTRACT

En este artículo se esboza una concepción general acerca de las funciones neurobiológicas. Particularmente, la manera en que se describen normativamente y las estrategias mediante las cuales se definen. Así, se clarificará, por un lado, la distinción entre implementar y ejecutar una función y, por otro, la distinción entre definir y especificar una función. Adicionalmente, se presentará un esquema detallado de cómo las funciones neurobiológicas (que pueden ser múltiplemente implementables y ejecutables) pueden ser comprendidas. Finalmente, se introducirá el concepto de “supercluster” como una unidad de modelización de funciones neurobiológicas de nivel superior.


In this paper I will sketch a general conception about neurobiological functions. Particularly, the way in which we normatively de-scribe them and the strategies by which we define them. So I will clarify, on the one hand, the distinction between to realize and to perform a function and, on the other hand, the distinction between to define and to specify a function. Furthermore, I will present a fine-grained scheme of how neurobiological functions (which can be multiple realizable and performable) can be grasped. Finally, I will introduce the concept of ‘supercluster’ as a modeling unit of higher-level neurobiological functions.


Subject(s)
Humans , Executive Function , Central Nervous System/physiology , Neurobiology
13.
Psicofarmacologia (B. Aires) ; 10(64): 22-36, oct. 2010. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-593416

ABSTRACT

El Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC) muestra en su morfología, estructura, funcionamiento y organización, la influencia de varios factores: genéticos, ambientales, sexuales y su respectiva interacción. El momento en que estos factores ejercen sus efectos sobre el SNC (períodos críticos) es también de suma importancia. Desde hace varios años, entre estos factores se estudia las hormonas sexuales y sus efectos sobre el SNC. Se han podido conocer y entender las interacciones que existen entre las hormonas sexuales y los demás sistemas de neurotransmisión, así como, la relación con los diferentes ejes neuroendócrinos. Es también conocida la influencia que las hormonas sexuales ejercen en el establecimiento del dimorfismo del cerebro, no sólo estableciendo diferencias morfológicas, estructurales, funcionales y de conductas sexuales, sino además en el desempeño de determinadas habilidades neurocognitivas entre ambos sexos. En este trabajo se estudió e investigó particularmente los estrógenos, de gran influencia sobre varios procesos que involucran a las neuronas. A su vez, estas hormonas sexuales son de gran interés por los efectos que tienen sobre el neurodesarrollo, la sinaptogénesis, la supervivencia neuronal y la respuesta fisiológica al estrés; pero también por la vulnerabilidad a presentar mayor incidencia de determinadas patologías inmunológicas, hormonales, psiquiátricas y neurológicas.En esta primera parte, se desarrollan los aspectos neurobiológico de los estrógenos, los receptores estrogénicos y la relación con los demás sistemas de neurotransmisión. En la segunda parte, se focalizará en las implicancias que los estrógenos por ausencia o disminución, exceso o normalidad, presentan a lo largo de las distintas etapas de la vida, en las diferentes patologías psiquiátricas.


The Central Nervous System (CNS) displays, in its morphology, structure, functioning and organizations, the influence of several factors: genetic, environmental, sexual and the corresponding interaction between them. The moment when those factors produce their effects on the CNS (critical periods) is also of great significance. For many years, among those factores, sexual hormones and their effects on the CNS have been studied. It has been possible to know about the interactions existing between secual hormones and the rest of the neurotransmission systems, as well as the relationshipo with the different neuroendocrine axes. Also known is the influence of sexual hormones on the establishment of brain dimorphism, not only establishing morphological, structural, functional differences and differences of sexual behaviours, but also in the performance of certain neurocognitive abilities between both genders. This work focused mainly on the study and reserch of estrogens, which have a great influence on several processes involving neurons. These sexual hormones are in turn of great significance due to the effects they have on neurodevelopment, synaptogenesis, dence of immunological, hormonal, psychiatric and neurological pathologies. In this first part, the neurobiological aspects of estrogens, estrogenic receptors and the relation with the rest of the neurotransmission system are described. The second part will centre on the implications that estrogens, whether due to their absence, decrease, excess or normality, present throughout the different stages of life, in the different psychiatric pathologies.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Depression , Estrogens , Hormone Replacement Therapy , Pharmacology , Receptors, Estrogen , Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators , Central Nervous System/anatomy & histology , Central Nervous System/physiology , Mental Disorders/therapy
14.
Rev. Hosp. Matern. Infant. Ramon Sarda ; 28(4): 169-173, 2009. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-572742

ABSTRACT

Se describen la importancia de la detección de trastornos del desarrollo en el primer año de vida y los métodos empleados. Se detalla una versión abreviada de adquisiciones del desarrollo basada en la Lista de Adquisiciones de Habilidades Motoras de Lois Bly, la cual es considerada una herramienta de gran utilidad. Esta lista o inventario refiere los componentes motores específicos, base para el logro de hitos posteriores. Evalúa las habilidades motoras correspondientes según edad, permite monitorear progreso y calidad, y guiar el tratamiento si hay déficits. Determina los Puntos Llave o habilidades motoras claves que abren paso a otras y los Signos Atípicos, patrones motores diferentes que pueden comprometer el futuro desarrollo infantil.


This article explains the importance of an early diagnosis in neurodevelopment during the first year of life and the different methods employed. It describes a short form of the Motor acquisition checklist by Lois Bly, which is considered of great utility. This checklist presents specific motor components, which are the basis to reach the following milestones. It evaluates motor abilities according to age, and allows to monitor progression and quality of movement as well as to guide treatment. Key points of motor abilities that allow the acquisition of other abilities in the future, and the atypical signs, which mean different motor patterns that can alter the children development, are determined.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child Development , Psychomotor Performance/physiology , Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological , Developmental Disabilities/diagnosis , Developmental Disabilities/prevention & control , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Neurologic Examination/methods , Follow-Up Studies , Central Nervous System/growth & development , Central Nervous System/physiology
15.
São Paulo; s.n; 29 ago. 2008. 101 p. graf, ilus, tab.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-508062

ABSTRACT

Muitos estudos demonstram que a abertura de canais de ´KPOT.+` mitocondriais sensíveis à ATP (mito´K ind.ATP`) previnem contra danos promovidos por isquemia/reperfusao em coração. Em geral, esta proteçao envolve mudanças no estado redox mitocondrial. Em cérebro, sabe-se que agonistas farmacológicos de mito´K ind.ATP` também protegem em modelo de isquemia/reperfusão. Entretanto, os mecanismos envolvidos na prevenção de danos em cérebro ainda não estão claros. 0 objetivo principal deste trabalho é compreender os efeitos de canais de K+ mitocondriais ATP-sensíveis em tecido cerebral e os mecanismos pelos quais a sua ativação pode proteger contra danos promovidos por excitotoxicidade, uma das principais consequências de um evento isquêmico em cerebro. Neste contexto, demonstramos a proteção pelo mito´K ind.ATP` em modelo de excitotoxicidade induzida pela ativação direta de receptores NMDA, utilizando cultura de células granulosas de cerebelo. Paralelamente a essa proteção, verificamos que a ativação de mito´K ind.ATP` reduz a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS)...


Subject(s)
Rats , Cerebrum/metabolism , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Reactive Oxygen Species/toxicity , Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain , Potassium/analysis , Potassium/metabolism , Mitochondrial Proteins , Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism , Central Nervous System/physiology , Spectrophotometry/methods , Spectrophotometry , Culture Media/analysis , Cell Survival/genetics
16.
Einstein (Säo Paulo) ; 6(1): 93-96, 2008.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-497754

ABSTRACT

Distúrbios no processo de neurogênese têm sido correlacionados com diferentes patologias, como doenças neurodegenerativas, epilepsia, síndrome de Down e depressão. Nessa revisão, discute se o envolvimento de células-tronco neurais e neuroprogenitores ao longo do desenvolvimento e maturação do sistema nervoso. São destacadas a relevância dessas células ao funcionamento do sistema nervoso central nos contextos fisiológico e patológico, bem como novas estratégias terapêuticas baseadas na modulação da neurogênese pós-natal.


Subject(s)
Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy , Neurons/cytology , Stem Cells , Central Nervous System/cytology , Central Nervous System/physiology
17.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 29(4): 363-369, dez. 2007. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-471326

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Trabalhos de pesquisa provenientes do campo da neuroimunomodulação vêm tornando explícitas as intrincadas relações existentes entre o sistema nervoso central e o sistema imune. Uma revisão bibliográfica foi realizada com o objetivo de descrever as bases de estudo da neuroimunomodulação. MODELOS EXPERIMENTAIS: Sabe-se, hoje, que estados emocionais como ansiedade e depressão são capazes de modificar a atividade do sistema imune como também o fazem o estresse e fármacos com ação no sistema nervoso central. COMPORTAMENTO DOENTIO: Os comportamentos apresentados por um organismo doente devem ser encarados como decorrência de estratégias homeostáticas de cada indivíduo. POSSÍVEIS MECANISMOS DE SINALIZAÇÃO DO SISTEMA IMUNE PARA O SISTEMA NERVOSO CENTRAL: Grande destaque tem sido atribuído para a participação do eixo hipotálamo-pituitária-adrenal, do sistema nervoso autônomo simpático e das citocinas nas sinalizações entre o sistema nervoso central e o sistema imune. CONCLUSÃO: O presente artigo pretende mostrar a relevância dos fenômenos de neuroimunomodulação; ele faz uma análise crítica das influências do sistema nervoso central sobre o sistema imune e vice-versa.


OBJECTIVE: Several papers arriving from the neuroimmunomodulation field are showing the relevant relationships between the nervous and the immune systems. A review of studies was carried out to describe the bases of the studies on neuroimmunomodulation. EXPERIMENTAL MODELS: It is clear nowadays that emotional states such as anxiety and depression change immune system activity, an affect also observed after both stress and use of nervous system acting drugs. SICK BEHAVIOR: The behavior displayed by sick organisms might be thought as being a consequence of homeostatic strategies. POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF THE ACTION BY MEANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM TO NERVOUS SYSTEM: A very big emphasis is being given to Hipothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, simpathetic nervous system and cytokines participation on nervous system and immune system relationships. CONCLUSION: The present revision intend to show some essential studies in the neuroimmunomodulation field; it makes a critical analysis of the mutual relationships between nervous system and immune system.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Central Nervous System/physiology , Immune System/physiology , Neuroimmunomodulation/physiology , Stress, Physiological/immunology , Central Nervous System/immunology , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Cytokines/immunology , Depression/immunology , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/immunology , Immune System/immunology , Immune System/physiopathology , Models, Animal , Pituitary-Adrenal System/immunology , Stress, Psychological/immunology , Sympathetic Nervous System/immunology
18.
Rev. med. nucl. Alasbimn j ; 9(37)July 2007. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-474916

ABSTRACT

Los estudios de neuroimagen funcional permiten observar cuáles pueden ser las localizaciones de los diversos procesos neurofisiológicos que son la base de los procesos psicológicos como la memoria, atención, etc. Sin embargo, para un análisis científico y/o clínico de esta relación entre estructura y función es necesario desarrollar métodos de cuantificación que permitan la comprobación de las hipótesis planteadas empleando análisis estadísticos. En el presente trabajo presentamos un método que permite esta cuantificación y lo hemos comprobado tanto en un paciente como en un sujeto control. Los resultados obtenidos invitan a la aplicación del método tanto en estudios científicos como en la práctica clínica.


Functional neuroimaging studies allow knowing the localization of the diverse neurophysiological processes that are the substrate of psychological processes like memory, attention… Nevertheless, in order to do a clinic or scientific analysis of the relation between function and structure is necessary to develop quantification methods to probe the established hypothesis using statistical analysis. In this work we present a method that allow the quantification. This one was used in one Alzheimer disease patient and in one healthy person. This previous results invite to the application of the method in scientific studies and in clinical practice.


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Middle Aged , Humans , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Telencephalon , Telencephalon/physiology , Tomography, Emission-Computed/statistics & numerical data , Tomography, Emission-Computed/standards , Case-Control Studies , /pharmacology , Brain Mapping/instrumentation , Models, Theoretical , Central Nervous System , Central Nervous System/physiology , Telencephalon/metabolism , Reference Values
19.
Rev. Hosp. Ital. B. Aires (2004) ; 27(1): 48-52, mar. 2007.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-504561

ABSTRACT

El hipocampo es una de las áreas más modelizadas en el sistema nervioso central. Las razones son a la vez filogenéticas,funcionales y arquitectónicas. Filogenéticamente es una de las áreas cerebrales más antiguas (arquicortex) y que hapasado por una fuerza importante de selección en diversas especies casi sin variaciones anatómicas. Funcionalmente estáinvolucrado en dos aspectos de interés computacional: orientación espacial y tareas de navegación, por una parte, eintervención en la memoria episódica, por la otra. Incluso se estiman los trabajos pioneros de Marr en los que consideraal hipocampo como un circuito interviniente en las formas más simples de memoria y hace una modelización de este,como los trabajos de inicio a la neurocomputación. Posteriormente se han hecho numerosos modelos. Uno de los circuitosmás estudiados corresponde a las relaciones entre la corteza entorrinal medial (MEC) y la formación del hipocampo.En particular se han estudiado los mapas cognitivos espaciales relacionados con las tareas de orientación y navegación. Elhipocampo posee una población de neuronas piramidales, las place cells (PC), que tienen la particularidad de disparar susimpulsos en determinadas localizaciones en el espacio (place fields). Recientemente se ha observado que la principalaferencia a las PC proviene de la MEC a través de las denominadas grid cells (GC). Estas células poseen un patrón dedisparo que dibuja en el espacio una grilla hexagonal compuesta de triángulos equiláteros correspondientes a las zonas dedisparo. Una hipótesis en boga es la de la MEC actuando como un área de integración de información sensorial que serátransmitida a las PC.


Subject(s)
Humans , Hippocampus , Models, Biological , Neurobiology , Orientation , Space Perception , Cerebrum/physiology , Central Nervous System/physiology
20.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 28(4): 326-338, dez. 2006. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-440228

ABSTRACT

Tendo como base dados de literatura, esta revisão trata dos aspectos genéricos da evolução filogenética do sistema nervoso central, ressaltando em particular o desenvolvimento evolutivo das estruturas encefálicas relacionadas com o comportamento e com as funções cognitivas que vieram caracterizar o ser humano. Sobre as estruturas límbicas, que por ocasião do advento dos mamíferos evolutivamente se desenvolveram sobre o topo do sistema nervoso mais primitivo dos seus ancestrais, o ulterior desenvolvimento cortical com neurônios dispostos em camadas constituiu a base estrutural que viabilizou a discriminação fina das funções sensitivas e sensoriais, a maior complexidade das funções motoras e o desenvolvimento das funções cognitivas e intelectuais que acabaram caracterizando o ser humano. O conhecimento da evolução filogenética do sistema nervoso central nos permite inferir possíveis correlações entre as estruturas encefálicas que se desenvolveram ao longo do processo evolutivo e o comportamento dos seus respectivos seres. Nesta direção, sem se deter em questões de ordem conceitual, a presente revisão termina discutindo possíveis paralelos entre a evolução do sistema nervoso central e a emergência da consciência, à luz das recentes contribuições sobre o assunto.


This text reviews the generic aspects of the central nervous system evolutionary development, emphasizing the developmental features of the brain structures related with behavior and with the cognitive functions that finally characterized the human being. Over the limbic structures that with the advent of mammals were developed on the top of the primitive nervous system of their ancestrals, the ultimate cortical development with neurons arranged in layers constituted the structural base for an enhanced sensory discrimination, for more complex motor activities, and for the development of cognitive and intellectual functions that finally characterized the human being. The knowledge of the central nervous system phylogeny allow us particularly to infer possible correlations between the brain structures that were developed along phylogeny and the behavior of their related beings. In this direction, without discussing its conceptual aspects, this review ends with a discussion about the central nervous system evolutionary development and the emergence of consciousness, in the light of its most recent contributions.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Central Nervous System/physiology , Consciousness/physiology , Phylogeny , Social Behavior , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Central Nervous System/anatomy & histology , Central Nervous System/embryology , Human Development/physiology , Limbic System/anatomy & histology , Limbic System/physiology , Neocortex/anatomy & histology , Neocortex/physiology
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL